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OSPF Interview Questions

1: What is an OSPF neighbor?

*** From the perspective of an OSPF router, a neighbor is another OSPF router
that is attached to one of the first router’s directly connected links.

2: What is an OSPF adjacency?

***An OSPF adjacency is a conceptual link to a neighbor over which LSAs can
be sent.

3: What is an LSA? How does an LSA differ from an OSPF Update packet?

***A router originates a link state advertisement to describe one or more
destinations. An OSPF Update packet transports LSAs from one neighbor to
another. Although LSAs are flooded throughout an area or OSPF domain,
Update packets never leave a data link.

4: What is a link state database? What is link state database
synchronization?

***The link state database is where a router stores all the OSPF LSAs it knows
of, including its own. Database synchronization is the process of ensuring that all
routers within an area have identical link state databases.

5: What is the default HelloInterval?

***The default OSPF HelloInterval is 10 seconds.

6: What is the default RouterDeadInterval?

***The default RouterDeadInterval is four times the HelloInterval.

7: What is a Router ID? How is a Router ID determined?

***A Router ID is an address by which an OSPF router identifies itself. It is either
the numerically highest IP address of all the router’s loopback interfaces, or if no
loopback interfaces are configured, it is the numerically highest IP address of all
the router’s LAN interfaces.

8: What is an area?

***An area is an OSPF sub-domain, within which all routers have an identical link
state database.

9: What is the significance of area 0?

***Area 0 is the backbone area. All other areas must send their inter-area traffic
through the backbone.

10: What is MaxAge?

***MaxAge, 1 hour, is the age at which an LSA is considered to be obsolete.

11: What are the five OSPF packet types? What is the purpose of each type?

*** The five OSPF packet types, and their purposes, are:

Hellos, which are used to discover neighbors, and to establish and maintain
adjacencies

Updates, which are used to send LSAs between neighbors

Database Description packets, which a router uses to describe its link state
database to a neighbor during database synchronization

Link State Requests, which a router uses to request one or more LSAs from a
neighbor’s link state database

Link State Acknowledgments, used to ensure reliable delivery of LSAs

12:What are LSA types 1 to 5 and LSA type 7? What is the purpose of each
type?

*** The most common LSA types and their purposes are:

Type 1 (Router LSAs) are originated by every router and describe the originating
router, the router’s directly connected links and their states, and the router\xd5 s
neighbors.

Type 2 (Network LSAs) are originated by Designated Routers on multiaccess
links and describe the link and all attached neighbors.

Type 3 (Network Summary LSAs) are originated by Area Border Routers and
describe inter-area destinations.

Type 4 LSAs (ASBR Summary LSAs) are originated by Area Border Routers to
describe Autonomous System Boundary Routers outside the area.

Type 5 (AS External LSAs) are originated by Autonomous System Boundary
Routers to describe destinations external to the OSPF domain.

Type 7 (NSSA External LSAs) are originated by Autonomous System Boundary
Routers within not-so-stubby areas.

13: What are the four OSPF router types?

***The four OSPF router types are:

# Internal Routers, whose OSPF interfaces all belong to the same area

# Backbone Routers, which are Internal Routers in Area 0

# Area Border Routers, which have OSPF interfaces in more than one area

# Autonomous System Boundary Routers, which advertise external routes into
the OSPF domain
14: What are the four OSPF path types?

***The four OSPF path types are:

Intra-area paths

Inter-area paths

Type 1 external paths

Type 2 external paths
15: What are the five OSPF network types?

*** The five OSPF network types are:

i)Point-to-point networks

ii) Broadcast networks

iii) Non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA) networks

iv) Point-to-multipoint networks

v) Virtual links
16: What is a Designated Router?

***A Designated Router is a router that represents a multiaccess network, and
the routers connected to the network, to the rest of the OSFP domain.
17: How does a Cisco router calculate the outgoing cost of an interface?

***Cisco IOS calculates the outgoing cost of an interface as 108/BW, where BW
is the configured bandwidth of the interface.
18: What is a partitioned area?

***An area is partitioned if one or more of its routers cannot send a packet to the
area’s other routers without sending the packet out of the area.
19: What is a virtual link?

*** A virtual link is a tunnel that extends an OSPF backbone connection through
a non-backbone area.
20: What is the difference between a stub area, a totally stubby area, and a
not-so-stubby area?

***A stub area is an area into which no type 5 LSAs are flooded. A totally stubby
area is an area into which no type 3, 4, or 5 LSAs are flooded, with the exception
of type 3 LSAs to advertise a default route. Not-so-stubby areas are areas
through which external destinations are advertised into the OSPF domain, but
into which no type 5 LSAs are sent by the ABR.
21: What is the difference between OSPF network entries and OSPF router
entries?

*** OSPF network entries are entries in the route table, describing IP
destinations. OSPF router entries are entries in a separate route table that record
only routes to ABRs and ASBRs.
22: Why is type 2 authentication preferable over type 1 authentication?

***Type 2 authentication uses MD5 encryption, whereas type 1 authentication
uses clear-text passwords.
23: Which three fields in the LSA header distinguish different LSAs? Which
three fields in the LSA header distinguish different instances of the same
LSA?

***The three fields in the LSA header that distinguish different LSAs are the
Type, Advertising Router, and the Link State ID fields. The three fields in the LSA
header that distinguish different instances of the same LSA are the Sequence
Number, Age, and Checksum fields

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EIGRP Interview Questions

1: Is EIGRP a distance vector or a link state routing protocol?

*** EIGRP is a Hybrid routing protocol,it have features of both distance vector
and link state routing protocol.

2: What is the maximum configured bandwidth EIGRP will use on a link?
Can this percentage be changed?

*** By default, EIGRP uses no more than 50% of the link’s bandwidth, based on
the bandwidth configured on the router’s interface. This percentage to be
changed with the command ip bandwidth-percent eigrp.

3: How do EIGRP and IGRP differ in the way they calculate the composite
metric?

*** EIGRP and IGRP use the same formula to calculate their composite metrics, but EIGRP scales the metric by a factor of 256.

4: In the context of EIGRP, what does the term reliable delivery mean?
Which two methods ensure reliable delivery of EIGRP packets?

*** Reliable delivery means EIGRP packets are guaranteed to be delivered, and
they are delivered in order. RTP uses a reliable multicast, in which received
packets are acknowledged, to guarantee delivery; sequence numbers are used
to ensure that they are delivered in order.

5: Which mechanism ensures that a router is accepting the most recent
route entry?

*** Sequence numbers ensure that a router is receiving the most recent route
entry.

6: What is the multicast IP address used by EIGRP?

*** EIGRP uses the multicast address 224.0.0.10.

7: At what interval, by default, are EIGRP Hello packets sent?

*** The default EIGRP Hello interval is 5 seconds, except on some slow-speed
(T1 and below) interfaces, where the default is 60 seconds.

8: What is the default hold time?

*** The EIGRP default hold time is three times the Hello interval.

9: What is the difference between the neighbor table and the topology
table?

*** The neighbor table stores information about EIGRP-speaking neighbors; the
topology table lists all known routes that have feasible successors.

10: What is the feasibility condition?

*** The feasibility condition is the rule by which feasible successors are chosen
for a destination. The feasibility condition is satisfied if a neighbor’s advertised
distance to a destination is lower than the receiving router’s feasible distance to
the destination. In other words, a router’s neighbor meets the feasibility condition
if the neighbor is metrically closer to the destination than the router. Another way
to describe this is that the neighbor is “downstream” relative to the destination

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Networking Question and Answer

1: What information must be stored in the route table?

* At a minimum, each entry of the routing table must include a destination
address and the address of a next-hop router or an indication that the destination
address is directly connected.

2: What does it mean when a route table says that an address is variably

subnetted?

**Variably subnetted means that the router knows of more than one subnet mask
for subnets of the same major IP address.

3: What are discontiguous subnets?

** Discontiguous subnets are two or more subnets of a major IP network address
that are separated by a different major IP address.

4: What command is used to examine the route table in a Cisco router?

** show ip route is used to examine the routing table of a Cisco router.

5: What are the two bracketed numbers associated with the non-directly
connected routes in the route table?

**The first bracketed number is the administrative distance of the routing protocol
by which the route was learned. The second number is the metric of the route.

6: When static routes are configured to reference an exit interface instead
of a next-hop address, in what way will the route table be different?

**When a static route is configured to reference an exit interface instead of a
next-hop address, the destination address will be entered into the routing table
as directly connected.

7: What is a summary route? In the context of static routing, how are
summary routes useful?

**A summary route is a single route entry that points to multiple subnets or major
IP addresses. In the context of static routes, summary routes can reduce the
number of static routes that must be configured.

8: What is an administrative distance?

**An administrative distance is a rating of preference for a routing protocol or a
static route. Every routing protocol and every static route has an administrative
distance associated with it. When a router learns of a destination via more than
one routing protocol or static route, it will use the route with the lowest
administrative distance.

9: What is a floating static route?

** A floating static route is an alternative route to a destination. The
administrative distance is set high enough that the floating static route is used
only if a more-preferred route becomes unavailable.

10: What is the difference between equal-cost and unequal-cost load
sharing?

**Equal-cost load sharing distributes traffic equally among multiple paths with
equal metrics. Unequal-cost load sharing distributes packets among multiple
paths with different metrics. The traffic will be distributed inversely proportional to
the cost of the routes

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Basic CCNA Job Interview Questions

1: What is unicast and how does it work?

Unicast is a one-to-one transmission method. A single frame is sent from the
source to a destination on a network. When this frame is received by the switch,
the frame is sent on to the network, and the network passes the frame to its
destination from the source to a specific destination on a network.

ccna interview questions

2: What is multicast and how does it work?

** Multicast is a one-to-many transmission method. A single frame is sent from
the source to multiple destinations on a network using a multicast address. When
this frame is received by the switch, the frame is sent on to the network and the
network passes the frame to its intended destination group.

3: What is broadcast and how does it work?

** Broadcast is a one-to-all transmission method. A single frame is sent from the
source to a destination on a network using a multicast address. When this frame
is received by the switch, the frame is sent on to the network. The network
passes the frame to all nodes in the destination network from the source to an
unknown destination on a network using a broadcast address. When the switch
receives this frame, the frame is sent on to all the networks, and the networks
pass the frame on to all the nodes. If it reaches a router, the broadcast frame is
dropped.

4: What is fragmentation?

** Fragmentation in a network is the breaking down of a data packet into smaller
pieces to accommodate the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of the network.

5: What is MTU? What’s the MTU for traditional Ethernet?

** MTU is the acronym for maximum transmission unit and is the largest frame
size that can be transmitted over a network. Messages longer than the MTU
must be divided into smaller frames. The network layer (Layer 3) protocol
determines the MTU from the data link layer (Layer 2) protocol and fragments the
messages into the appropriate frame size, making the frames available to the
lower layer for transmission without further fragmentation. The MTU for Ethernet
is 1518 bytes.

6: What is a MAC address?

** A MAC address is the physical address of a network device and is 48 bits (6
bytes) long. MAC addresses are also known as physical addresses or hardware
addresses.

7: What is the difference between a runt and a giant, specific to traditional
Ethernet?

** In Ethernet a runt is a frame that is less than 64 bytes in length, and a giant is
a frame that is greater than 1518 bytes in length. Giants are frames that are
greater than the MTU used, which might not always be 1518 bytes.

8: What is the difference between store-and-forward and cut-through
switching?

** Cut-through switching examines just the frame header, determining the output
switch port through which the frame will be forwarded. Store-and-forward
examines the entire frame, header and data payload, for errors. If the frame is
error free, it is forwarded out its destination switch port interface. If the frame has
errors, the switch drops the frame from its buffers. This is also known as
discarding the frame to the bit bucket.

9: What is the difference between Layer 2 switching and Layer 3 switching?

* * Layer 2 switches make their forwarding decisions based on the Layer 2 (data
link) address, such as the MAC address. Layer 3 switches make their forwarding
decisions based on the Layer 3 (network) address.

10: What is the difference between Layer 3 switching and routing?

** The difference between Layer 3 switching and routing is that Layer 3 switches
have hardware to pass data traffic as fast as Layer 2 switches. However, Layer 3
switches make decisions regarding how to transmit traffic at Layer 3 in the same
way as a router. A Layer 3 switch cannot use WAN circuits or use routing
protocols; a router is still required for these functions.

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